茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂脂代谢相关的滞育关联基因差异表达分析

本文对茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂滞育组与正常发育组进行转录组测序，筛选差异表达基因，根据功能注释发现这些滞育关联基因主要与碳水化合物代谢、脂质代谢以及信号转导等途径相关。借助KEGG数据库，共筛选出滞育期间401个与脂代谢相关的差异基因，在滞育期间呈现不同程度的上调表达，涉及了脂肪酸生物合成、甘油脂代谢、类固醇生物合成等代谢途径，除与脂质合成相关的脂肪酸合成酶、超长链脂肪酸延伸酶基因上调表达外，与脂质分解相关的酶，如酯酶同样上调表达，可能与提高茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂免疫力有关；与激素合成相关基因的上调表达，可能抑制茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂卵巢发育。     

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance,fatty acid composition and antioxidant‐related gene expressions in juvenile loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is one of the most important cultured freshwater fish in several East Asian countries. However, a little information is available in its nutritional requirements. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding varying levels of dietary protein and lipid on growth, fatty acid composition and antioxidant‐related gene expressions in juvenile loach. Six practical diets at three levels of protein (30%, 40% and 50%) and two levels of lipid (6% and 12%) were fed to loach juveniles (initial weight 0.40 g) in triplicated groups (20 fish per replicated) for a period of 8 weeks. Results showed that regardless of lipid level, body weight gain of fish was significantly increased with incremental dietary protein level. Meanwhile, feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased by dietary protein levels, and the lowest value was observed in fish fed dietary protein levels of 50%, regardless of dietary lipid level. Moreover, the percentage of 22:6n‐3 in viscera was significantly increased by different protein levels. The expression level of catalase was significantly increased with incremental dietary protein level with both lipid levels. Meanwhile, the expression level of hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) was downregulated with incremental dietary protein level with 6% of lipid level, but the expression was upregulated with incremental dietary protein level with 12% of lipid level. In conclusion, these data suggested that 6% lipid and 50% protein in diet was optimal for loach during early development stage.     

Dietary α‐linolenic acid affects lipid metabolism and tissue fatty acid profile and induces apoptosis in intraperitoneal adipose tissue of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to elucidate the effects and mechanism action of dietary α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) on lipid accumulation and fatty acid profile of muscle, hepatopancreas and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) in juvenile grass carp using three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets containing 0.0% (control group), 1.0% and 2.0% ALA, respectively. The lowest intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was found in 2.0% group. In the muscle, hepatopancreas and IPF, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) contents increased with the increase in dietary ALA. In the IPF, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 showed the highest activities in 2.0% group, while the value of Bcl‐2/Bax (B‐cell leukaemia 2/Bcl‐2‐associated X protein) reached the lowest. Meanwhile, swelling of the IPF mitochondria was observed in 2.0% group. The gene expressions of fatty acid desaturase (FAD) and fatty acid elongase (ELO) in the hepatopancreas and muscle showed significantly higher levels in the treatment groups, whereas an opposite trend was existed in the IPF. Fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c) in the IPF and hepatopancreas reached the lowest in 2.0% group. Overall, dietary ALA could promote n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) synthesis and suppress the accumulation of lipid by decreasing the expression of related genes and promoting the apoptosis in IPF.     

耕作方式及秸秆还田对土壤性质、微生物碳源代谢及小麦产量的影响

以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,耕作方式为主区,分别设常规翻耕(C)、深松(S)、旋耕(R)处理,副区为秸秆还田量,分别设秸秆全还田(P)和秸秆不还田(A)处理,采用Biolog Eco技术测定土壤微生物碳源代谢功能,并分析土壤基本理化性质和作物产量。结果显示:深松与秸秆还田均有利于土壤含水量和有机碳含量的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了9.78%和24.00%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了7.08%和15.81%;深松提高了15～30 cm土层的pH值6.67%,秸秆还田提高了0～15 cm土层的pH值4.32%。深松和秸秆还田均有利于代谢多样性(丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数)、碳源代谢强度的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了26.84%、3.84%和38.02%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了11.87%、 3.63%和14.74%。主成分分析表明常规翻耕秸秆不还田和旋耕耕作秸秆不还田碳源代谢功能相近,15～30 cm层次内常规翻耕秸秆全还田碳源代谢功能和深松耕作秸秆全还田处理相近。深松和秸秆还田平均提高了小麦产量5.82%,微生物碳源代谢功能与小麦产量具有极显著的相关性。     

热处理对低温胁迫下黄瓜活性氧代谢和膜脂组分的影响

为探讨热处理减轻黄瓜果实低温冷害的作用机理,本试验研究了47℃热水浸泡5 min处理对黄瓜果实在4℃贮藏期间活性氧代谢和膜脂组分的影响。结果表明,47℃热水5 min处理可显著抑制黄瓜果实冷害的发生,贮藏15 d后果实冷害指数较对照(CK)低20.87%。此外,热处理还可抑制黄瓜相对电导率及丙二醛(MDA)含量的上升,提高黄瓜果实超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(DOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性,抑制超氧阴离子($\mathop{{O}}_{2}^{{\mathop{}_{\ ·}^{-}}}$)及过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的产生,同时降低脂氧合酶的活性,保持较低的饱和脂肪酸含量、较高的不饱和脂肪酸含量和膜脂不饱和度。综上,热处理可维持黄瓜果实活性氧代谢的平衡,抑制膜脂的过氧化作用,从而提高黄瓜果实的抗冷性,减轻果实冷害损伤。     

两种油脂对小鼠皮肤创伤修复作用研究

本研究旨在观察阿勒泰大尾羊尾脂油脂对损伤皮肤是否具有修复作用，并与牛油脂、市售商品做比较。研究选择40 只体重在31 ± 1 g 之间的昆明小鼠，雌雄各半，通过构建小鼠皮肤损伤模型，将小鼠分为4 组（羊尾油组、牛油组、市售商品组和空白组）进行试验观察。小鼠皮肤伤口愈合良好，雌鼠的创面愈合能力强于雄鼠，雌鼠伤口愈合速度：羊尾油组＞牛油组＞市售商品组＞空白对照组。雄鼠伤口愈合速度：羊尾油组＞市售商品组＞牛油组＞空白对照组。皮肤组织病理学结果显示，涂抹羊尾脂、牛油脂、市售商品与空白对照处皮肤相比，创伤修复组织中脂肪细胞、胶原纤维以及其他细胞的数量、排列分布均有差异。羊尾油和牛油均有修复皮肤创伤的作用，且羊尾油修复作用更强，羊尾油可通过促进胶原纤维的生成加速皮肤修复。     

油料作物油脂合成调控研究进展

植物油脂不仅是人类可食用油的主要来源,也是人类生产生活中重要的可再生原料。本文概述了植物油脂的生物合成途径,从母体效应、QTL、GWAS等多个方面总结了油料作物油脂合成的遗传学研究进展,同时探讨了已知的油脂合成调控相关基因的功能。本文综述了该领域的研究现状,为深入了解油料作物油脂合成调控网络提供了参考,也为油料作物的分子改良和遗传育种提供了理论基础。     

不同施氮水平下灌浆期高温对水稻贮藏蛋白积累及其合成代谢影响

【目的】 揭示不同施氮水平下灌浆结实期高温对稻米贮藏蛋白积累及其组分的影响,明确不同温氮处理组合下稻米贮藏蛋白合成积累过程与籽粒氮代谢关键酶及相关基因表达间关系。 【方法】 以2个主栽常规晚粳品种（秀水134和秀水09）为材料,利用盆栽土培试验,在水稻穗分化期设低氮（每盆0.5 g尿素）和高氮（每盆2.0 g尿素）2个氮水平,继而通过在水稻灌浆结实期的人工气候箱控温试验,设置高温（日均温度30℃,日最高温和最低温分别为34℃和26℃）和常温（日均温度23℃,日最高温和最低温分别为26℃和20℃）,构成低氮-常温（LN-NT）、低氮-高温（LN-HT）、高氮-常温（HN-NT）、高氮-高温（HN-HT）4个处理组合,并结合水稻籽粒灌浆不同时期取样,探讨氮素穗肥对水稻高温灌浆过程贮藏蛋白积累和主要蛋白组分含量影响及其与籽粒氮代谢关键酶及相关基因表达间关系。 【结果】 氮素穗肥和灌浆期高温均会导致稻米粗蛋白相对含量上升,但在高温处理下单位籽粒中粗蛋白的绝对量却呈降低趋势,以13 kD醇溶蛋白亚基组分在高温处理下的下降幅度最大,从而引起籽粒谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白质比值的上升,其原因主要是由于编码水稻13 kD醇溶蛋白合成基因（Pro13, Pro14和Pro17）在高温处理下的下调表达所致。与之相比,增施氮素穗肥（HN-NT和HN-HT）在引起稻米粗蛋白相对含量提升的同时,单位籽粒中的粗蛋白总量、谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均显著增加,但对贮藏蛋白谷/醇比的影响不明显,且谷蛋白组分中的37 kD酸性亚基和22 kD碱性亚基在不同氮处理水平下的相对比例也基本保持稳定;氮素穗肥可增强灌浆籽粒中的谷氨酰胺合酶（GS）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）和谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性,但HN-HT处理下的籽粒GS、GOT和GPT活性显著低于HN-NT处理,高温胁迫对水稻灌浆中后期籽粒器官中的氮转运代谢具有抑制作用。此外,在不同氮素水平下,灌浆期高温均可引起稻米整精米率的明显下降和垩白度的显著上升,但HN-HT处理的千粒重、结实率、产量水平、整精米率却高于LN-HT处理,且前者的稻米垩白度显著低于后者,氮素穗肥不足加剧了高温胁迫对千粒重、结实率、整精米率和垩白度等产量和品质性状的负面影响。 【结论】 氮素穗肥对水稻高温灌浆过程贮藏蛋白合成积累起重要调节作用,增施氮素穗肥虽然对水稻籽粒灌浆过程中的谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白质合成具有促进作用,并导致稻米贮藏蛋白相对量与绝对量增加,但对于高温灌浆下13kD醇溶蛋白亚基合成及其组分含量下降具有一定程度的缓解效应,有利于维持贮藏蛋白谷/醇比相对稳定。     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with blended vegetable oils on growth,lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

A 120‐day trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/kg of fish oil with a mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil (defined as D1–D5), and each treatment had 30 replicate crabs. Dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of the crabs, while the D3 had the highest hepatosomatic index and total lipids in hepatopancreas. The triglyceride and lipase activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. The D4 had the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the hepatopancreas, as well as the haemolymph ALP, ACP and peroxidase. The highest levels of haemolymph total antioxidant capacity, catalase and malondialdehyde were detected in D1. Total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in hepatopancreas decreased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. In conclusion, dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of P. trituberculatus, and 500g/kg of fish oil replacement could improve antioxidant capacity, but excessive replacement level will enhance lipid accumulation and peroxidation in the hepatopancreas.